Candidates appearing for VITEEE examination for the year 2025 will have to correctly answer 125 multiple-choice questions of one mark each. They can choose to appear for one of the question paper sets out of medical & non-medical sets. The questions will be based on Physics, Chemistry, English, Biology/ Mathematics subjects.

Physics

Laws of Motion & Work, Energy, and Power:

• Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications
• Static and kinetic friction - laws of friction -rolling friction - lubrication.Work was done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy - work-energy theorem - power.
• Conservative forces: conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies) - non-conservative forces: motion in a vertical circle - elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Properties of Matter:

• Elastic behavior - Stress-strain relationship - Hooke's law - Young's modulus - bulk modulus -shear modulus of rigidity - Poisson's ratio - elastic energy
• Viscosity - Stokes' law - terminal velocity -streamline and turbulent flow - critical velocity. Bernoulli's theorem and its applications
• Heat - temperature - thermal expansion: thermal expansion of solids - specific heat capacity: Cp, Cv -latent heat capacity
• Qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation: Wein's Displacement Law - Stefan's law.

Electrostatics:

• Charges and their conservation; Coulomb’s law forces between two-point electric charges - Forces between multiple electric charges-superposition principles
• Electric field – electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field intensity due to a dipole - the behaviour of a dipole in a uniform electric field
• Electric potential - potential difference-electric potential due to a point charge and dipole equipotential surfaces – the electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges.
• Electric flux-Gauss’s theorem and its applications
• Electrostatic induction-capacitor and capacitance –dielectric and electric polarisation – parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium –applications of capacitor – energy stored in a capacitor - Capacitors in series and in parallel – action of points – Van de Graaff generator.

Current Electricity:

• Electric Current – flow of charges in a metallic conductor – drift velocity and mobility and their relation with electric current
• Ohm’s law, electrical resistance - V-I characteristics – electrical resistivity and conductivity-classification of materials in terms of conductivity – Carbon resistors – colour code for carbon resistors - combination of resistors – series and parallel – temperature dependence of resistance – internal resistance of a cell – potential difference and emf of a cell - combinations of cells in series and in parallel.
• Kirchoff’s law – Wheatstone’s Bridge and its application for the temperature coefficient of resistance measurement - Metre bridge - the special case of Wheatstone bridge - Potentiometer principle - comparing the emf of two cells.

Magnetic Effects of Electric Current:

• Magnetic effect of electric current – Concept of the magnetic field - Oersted’s experiment – Biot-SavartlawMagnetic field due to an infinitely long current carrying straight wire and circular coil – Tangent galvanometer – construction and working – Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid – magnetic field lines.
• Ampere’s circuital law and its application
• Force on a moving charge in the uniform magnetic field and electric field – cyclotron – Force on current carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field – Forces between two parallel current carrying conductors - definition of ampere.
• Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field - moving coil galvanometer – conversion to ammeter and voltmeter – current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment - Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron.

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current:

• Electromagnetic induction - Faraday’s law - induced emf and current - Lenz’s law. Self-induction - Mutual induction - self-inductance of a long solenoid - mutual inductance of two long solenoids.
• Methods of inducing emf - (i) by changing magnetic induction (ii) by changing area enclosed by the coil and (iii) by changing the orientation of the coil (quantitative treatment).
• AC generator - commercial generator. (Single phase, three phases). Eddy current - applications -transformer - long-distance transmission
• Alternating current - measurement of AC - AC circuit with resistance - AC circuit with inductor - AC circuit with the capacitor - LCR series circuit - Resonance and Q - factor - power in AC circuits.

Optics:

• Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula
• Magnification, the power of a lens, a combination of thin lenses in contact, a combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism
• Scattering of the light-blue colour of the sky and the reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.
• Wavefront and Huygens’s principle - Reflection, total internal reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts
• Interference - Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width - coherent source - interference of light - Formation of colours in thin films - Newton’s rings.
• Diffraction - differences between interference and diffraction of light- diffraction grating. The polarization of light waves - polarisation by reflection - Brewster’s law - double refraction - Nicol prism - uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids - rotatory polarisation - polarimeter.

Dual Nature of Radiation and Atomic Physics:

• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics - Electromagnetic spectrum - Photoelectric effect - Light waves and photons - Einstein’s photoelectric equation - laws of photoelectric emission - particle nature of light - photocells and their applications.
• Atomic structure – discovery of the electron – specific charge (Thomson’s method) and charge of the electron (Millikan’s oil drop method) – alpha scattering – Rutherford’s atom model.

Nuclear Physics:

• Nuclear properties - nuclear radii, masses, binding energy, density, charge - isotopes, isobars and isotones- nuclear mass defect - binding energy - stability of nuclei - Bainbridge mass spectrometer.
• Nature of nuclear forces - Neutron - discovery - properties - artificial transmutation - particle accelerator.
• Radioactivity - alpha, beta and gamma radiations and their properties - Radioactive decay law - half-life -mean life - artificial radioactivity - radioisotopes - effects and uses - Geiger - Muller counter
• Radiocarbon dating
• Nuclear fission - chain reaction - atom bomb - nuclear reactor - nuclear fusion - Hydrogen bomb - cosmic rays - elementary particles.
• Semiconductor Devices and their Applications:
• Semiconductor basics - energy band in solids: difference between metals, insulators and semiconductors -semiconductor doping - Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors
• Formation of P-N Junction - Barrier potential and depletion layer-P-N Junction diode - Forward and reverse bias characteristics - diode as a rectifier - Zener diode-Zener diode as a voltage regulator – LED
• Junction transistors - characteristics -transistor as a switch - transistor as an amplifier - transistor as an oscillator.
• Logic gates - NOT, OR, AND, EXOR using discrete components - NAND and NOR gates as universal gates - De Morgan’s theorem - Laws and theorems of Boolean algebra.

 Chemistry

Atomic Structure:

• Bohr’s atomic model-Sommerfeld’s extension of atomic structure; Electronic configuration and Quantum numbers; Shapes of s,p,d,f orbitals - Pauli’s exclusion principle - Hund’s Rule of maximum multiplicity- Aufbau principle
• Emission and absorption spectra, line and band spectra; Hydrogen spectrum – Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund series; deBroglie’s theory; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle – wave nature of electron – Schrodinger wave equation(No derivation)
• Eigen values and eigenfunctions. Hybridization of atomic orbitals involving s,p and d orbitals.

p,d and f – Block Elements:

• p-block elements – Phosphorous compounds; PCl3, PCl5 – Oxides
• Hydrogen halides, Inter halogen compounds. Xenon fluoride compounds
• General Characteristics of d – block elements – Electronic Configuration – Oxidation states of first-row transition elements and their colours
• Occurrence and principles of extraction: Copper, Silver, Gold, and Zinc. Preparation and properties of CuS02, AgNO3, and K2Cr2O7
• Lanthanides – Introduction, electronic configuration, general characteristics, oxidation state –lanthanide contraction, uses, a brief comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides.

Coordination Chemistry and Solid State Chemistry:

• Introduction – Terminology in coordination chemistry – IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
• Isomerism, Geometrical isomerism in 4-coordinate, 6-coordinate complexes. Theories on coordination compounds – Werner’s theory (brief), Valence Bond Theory
• Uses of coordination compounds. Bioinorganic compounds (Haemoglobin and chlorophyll)
• Lattice – unit cell, systems, types of crystals, packing in solids; Ionic crystals – Imperfections in solids – point defects
• X-Ray diffraction – Electrical Property, Amorphous solids(elementary ideas only).

Thermodynamics, Chemical Equilibrium, and Chemical Kinetics:

• I and II law of thermodynamics – spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, entropy, Gibb’s free energy – Free energy change and chemical equilibrium – significance of entropy. Law of mass action – Le Chatlier’s principle, applications of chemical equilibrium. Rate expression, order and molecularity of reactions, zero order, first order and pseudo first-order reaction – half-life period. Determination of rate constant and order of reaction. Temperature dependence of rate constant – Arrhenius equation and activation energy.

Electrochemistry:

• Theory of electrical conductance; metallic and electrolytic conductance
• Faraday’s laws theory of strong electrolytes – Specific resistance, specific conductance, equivalent and molar conductance – Variation of conductance with dilution – Kohlrausch’s Law – An ionic product of water, pH and pH– buffer solutions – use of pH values
• Cells – Electrodes and electrode potentials – construction of cell and EMF values, Fuel cells, Corrosion and its prevention.

Isomerism in Organic Compounds:

• Definition, Classification – structural isomerism, stereoisomerism – geometrical and optical isomerism
• Optical activity- chirality – compounds containing chiral centres – R, S notation, D, L notation.

Alcohols and Ethers:

• Nomenclature of Alcohols – Classification of alcohols - the distinction between 10, 20 and 30 alcohols – General methods of preparation of primary alcohols, properties
• Methods of preparation of dihydric alcohols: Glycol – Properties – Uses
• Methods of preparation of trihydric alcohols - Properties – Uses
• Aromatic alcohols – preparation and properties of phenols and benzyl alcohol
• Ethers – Nomenclature of ethers – general methods of preparation of aliphatic ethers -Properties – Uses
• Aromatic ethers – Preparation of Anisole – Uses.

Carbonyl Compounds:

• Nomenclature of carbonyl compounds – Comparison of aldehydes and ketones. General methods of preparation of aldehydes – Properties – Uses
• Aromatic aldehydes – Preparation of benzaldehyde – Properties and Uses
• Ketones – general methods of preparation of aliphatic ketones (acetone) – Properties – Uses
• Aromatic ketones – preparation of acetophenone Properties – Uses, preparation of benzophenone – Properties
• Name reactions; Clemmenson reduction, Wolff – Kishner reduction, Cannizzaro reaction, Claisen Schmidt reaction, Benzoin Condensation, Aldol Condensation
• Preparation and applications of Grignard reagents.

Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives:

Nomenclature – Preparation of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids – formic acid – Properties –Uses. Monohydroxymono carboxylic acids; Lactic acid – Synthesis of lactic acid

Aliphatic dicarboxylic acids; Preparation of oxalic and succinic acids

Aromatic acids; Benzoic and Salicylic acids – Properties – Uses

Derivatives of carboxylic acids; acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) –Preparation – Properties – Uses Preparation of acetamide, Properties – acetic anhydride –Preparation, Properties. Preparation of esters – methyl acetate – Properties

Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Biomolecules:

•  Aliphatic nitro compounds – Preparation of aliphatic nitroalkanes – Properties – Uses
• Aromatic nitro compounds – Preparation – Properties – Uses
• Distinction between aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds
• Amines; aliphatic amines – General methods of preparation –Properties – Distinction between 10, 20 and 30 amines
• Aromatic amines – Synthesis of benzylamine – Properties, Aniline – Preparation – Properties – Uses. Differences between aliphatic and aromatic amines. Aliphaticnitriles – Preparation – Properties – Uses. Diazonium salts – Preparation of benzene diazonium chloride – Properties
• Carbohydrates – Distinction between sugars and non-sugars, structural formulae of glucose, fructose and sucrose, with their linkages, invert sugar – definition, examples of oligo and polysaccharides, Amino acids – Classification with examples, Properties of peptide bond, Lipids - Definition, classification with examples, the difference between fats, oils and waxes.
• Carbohydrates – Distinction between sugars and non-sugars, structural formulae of glucose, fructose and sucrose, with their linkages, invert sugar –definition, examples of oligo and polysaccharides.
• Amino acids – Classification with examples, Peptides - properties of peptide bond.
• Lipids - Definition, classification with examples, difference between fats, oils and waxes.

Biology

Taxonomy:

• Need for classification; three domains of life
• Linnaean, Whittaker, Bentham and Hooker systems of classification
• Salient features of non-chordates up to phyla levels and chordates up to class levels

Cell and Molecular Biology:

• Cell theory
• Prokaryotic cells and its ultrastructure
• Eukaryotic cell- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoskeleton, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles and centrosomes
• Cell cycle and division - amitosis, mitosis and meiosis
• Search for genetic material; the structure of DNA and RNA; replication, transcription, genetic code, translation, splicing, gene expression and regulation (lac operon) and DNA repair.

Reproduction:

• Asexual reproduction – binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation and fragmentation. Vegetative propagation in plants, sexual reproduction in flowering plants and structure of flowers.
• Pollination, fertilization, development of seeds and fruits, seed dispersal, apomixis, parthenocarpy and polyembryony
• Human reproductive system
• Gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, implantation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, pregnancy, parturition and lactation
• Assisted reproductive technologies.

Genetics and evolution:

• Chromosomes - structure and types, linkage and crossing over, recombination of chromosomes, mutation and chromosomal aberrations
• Mendelian inheritance, the chromosomal theory of inheritance, deviation from the Mendelian ratio (incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple allelism, pleiotrophy), sex-linked inheritance and sex determination in humans
• Darwinism, neo-Darwinism, Hardy and Weinberg’s principle and factors affecting the equilibrium: selection, mutation, migration and random genetic drift.

Human health and diseases:

• Pathogens, parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control
• Basic concepts of immunology, vaccines, antibiotics, cancer, HIV and AIDS. Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse

Biochemistry:

• Structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Enzymes – types, properties and enzyme action
• Metabolism - glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and pentose phosphate pathway.

Plant physiology:

• Movement of water, food, nutrients, gases, and minerals
• Passive diffusion facilitateddiffusion, and active transport
• Imbibition, osmosis, apoplast and symplast transport and guttation
• Transpiration, photosynthesis (light and dark reactions) and electron transport chain
• Hormones and growth regulators, photoperiodism and vernalization. Nitrogen cycle and biological nitrogen fixation

Human physiology:

• Digestion and absorption, breathing and respiration, body fluids and circulation, excretory system, endocrine system, nervous system, skeletal and muscular systems
• Locomotion and movement, growth, ageing, and death. Hormones - types of hormones, functions and disorders

Biotechnology and its applications:

• Recombinant DNA technology, applications in health, agriculture and industries; genetically modified organisms; Human insulin, vaccine and antibiotic production
• Stem cell technology and gene therapy. Apiculture and animal husbandry
• Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, fortification, Bt crops and transgenic animals. Microbes in food processing, sewage treatment, wastemanagement and energy generation.
• Biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.

Biodiversity, ecology and environment:

• Ecosystems: components, types, pyramids, nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous), ecological succession and energy flow in an ecosystem; Biodiversity - concepts, patterns, importance, conservation, hot spots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red data book, botanical gardens, national parks, sanctuaries, museums, biosphere reserves and Ramsar sites
• Environmental issues: pollution and its control
• Population attributes - growth, birth, and death rate and age distribution.

 Mathematics

Matrices and their Application:

• Adjoint, inverse – properties, computation of inverses, the solution of the system of linear equations by matrix inversion method
• Rank of a matrix – elementary transformation on a matrix, consistency of a system of linear equations, Cramer’s rule, non-homogeneous equations, homogeneous linear system and rank method
• A solution of linear programming problems (LPP) in two variables

Trigonometry and Complex Numbers:

• Definition, range, domain, principal value branch, graphs of inverse trigonometric functions and their elementary properties.
• Complex number system - conjugate, properties, ordered pair representation. Modulus – properties, geometrical representation, polar form, principal value, conjugate, sum, difference, product, quotient, vector interpretation, solutions of polynomial equations, De Moivre’s theorem and its applications
• Roots of a complex number - nth roots, cube roots, fourth roots.

Analytical Geometry of two dimensions:

• Definition of aconic – general equation of a conic, classification with respect to the general equation of a conic, classification of conics with respect to eccentricity.
• Equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms and general forms- Directrix, Focus and Latus-rectum - the parametric form of conics and chords
• Tangents and normals – Cartesian form and parametric form- the equation of chord of contact of tangents from a point (x1,y1) to all the above-said curves
• Asymptotes, Rectangular hyperbola – Standard equation of a rectangular hyperbola
• Vector Algebra:
•  Scalar Product – angle between two vectors, properties of the scalar product, and applications of the dot product
• Vector product right handed and left handed systems, properties of vector product, applications of the cross product.
• The product of three vectors – Scalar triple product, properties of the scalar triple product, vector triple product, vector product of four vectors, scalar product of four vectors.

Analytical Geometry of Three Dimensions:

• Direction cosines – direction ratios - the equation of a straight line passing through a given point and parallel to a given line, passing through two given points, the angle between two lines
• Planes – equation of a plane, passing through a given point and perpendicular to a line, given the distance from the origin and unit normal, passing through a given point and parallel to two given lines, passing through two given points and parallel to a given line, passing through three given non-collinear points, passing through the line of intersection of two given planes, the distance between a point and a plane, the plane which contains two given lines (co-planar lines), angle between a line and a plane.
• Skew lines - the shortest distance between two lines, condition for two lines to intersect, point of intersection, collinearity of three points.
• Sphere – equation of the sphere whosecentre and radius are given, equation of a sphere when the extremities of the diameter are given.

Differential Calculus:

• Limits, continuity and differentiability of functions - Derivative as a rate of change, velocity, acceleration, related rates, derivative as a measure of slope, tangent, normal and angle between curves.
• Mean value theorem - Rolle’s Theorem, Lagrange Mean Value Theorem, Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s series, L’ Hospital’s Rule, stationary points, increasing, decreasing, maxima, minima, concavity, convexity and points of inflexion
• Errors and approximations – absolute, relative, percentage errors - curve tracing, partial derivatives, Euler’s theorem.

Integral Calculus and its Applications:

• Simple definite integrals – fundamental theorems of calculus, properties of definite integrals.
• Reduction formulae – reduction formulae for ò x dx n sin and ò x dx ncos, Bernoulli’s formula. Area of bounded regions, length of the curve.

Differential Equations:

• Differential equations - formation of differential equations, order and degree, solving differential equations (1st order), variables separable, homogeneous and linear equations
• Second order linear differential equations - second order linear differential equations with constantco-efficients, finding the particular integral if f(x) = emx, sin mx, cos mx, x, x2.

Probability Distributions:

• Probability – Axioms – Addition law - Conditional probability – Multiplicativelaw - Baye’s Theorem - Random variable - probability density function, distribution function, mathematical expectation, variance Theoretical distributions
• Discrete distributions, Binomial, Poisson distributions- Continuous distributions, Normal distribution.

Discrete Mathematics:

• Functions – Relations – Basics of counting
• Mathematical logic – logical statements, connectives, truth tables, logical equivalence, tautology, contradiction
• Groups-binary operations, semi-groups, monoids, groups, order of a group, order of an element, properties of groups.

English

• Multiple Choice Questions
• Comprehension questions. They are based on short passages (30 -50 words) or lines of poems (2 -3) or dialogue (2 exchanges)
• English Grammar and Pronunciation.
• The candidates should read carefully the texts and the questions that follow and choose the CORRECT/ BEST answer from the options given for each question.
• The passages, lines of poems, dialogues, grammar and pronunciation items are chosen to suit the level of VITEEE 2025 takers.

VTUEEE 2025 Admit Card